https://medicalxpress.com/news/2011-12-key-proper-wiring-brain.html
(Medical Xpress) — After birth, the developing brain is largely shaped by experiences in the environment. However, neurobiologists at Yale and elsewhere have also shown that for many functions the successful wiring of neural circuits depends upon spontaneous activity in the brain that arises before birth independent of external influences.
Now Yale researchers have shown in research published online Dec. 18 in the journal Nature Neuroscience that the timing of this activity is crucial to the development of vision — and perhaps to other key neural processes that have been implicated in autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
“This spontaneous activity is not dependent upon external sensory stimuli,” said Michael Crair, the William Ziegler III Associate Professor of Neurobiology and associate professor of ophthalmology and visual science and senior author of the paper. “We want to know where this activity comes from and how does it work.”
Yale researchers tried to interfere with this spontaneous activity in neonatal mice through a technique called optogenetics – or the manipulation of brain cells genetically engineered to be activated by light. The Yale team showed that proper wiring of connections between the eye and brain depended upon exactly when this spontaneous activity occurs. When the researchers simultaneously induced retinal activity in both eyes of a neonatal mouse, they found the visual connections did not develop properly. However, when they induced activity first in one eye and then the other, neural connections were unaffected or even enhanced.
Crair said that rhythmic spontaneous activity has been implicated in proper development of many brain areas, including the cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord. He said it is possible that a disruption in the timing of this spontaneous activity could play a role in a host of developmental disorders.
“The genes thought to be involved in autism involve the formation and function of brain synapses and neural circuits, and that is exactly what is getting messed up when we interfere with brain activity early in development,” Crair said.
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The rhythmic pulsatility of the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse links in utero chemical communication between mother and infant in placental mammals to in utero and postnatal brain development. For example, GnRH modulates the secretion of other hormones, like luteinizing hormone (LH) that link olfactory/pheromonal sensory input from the environment to steroidogenesis and white/gray matter ratios. There is also a direct effect of pheromones on LH and hippocampal neurogenesis, which is important to learning and memory. This effect helps to explain why the odor preferences of mammals, including humans, appear to develop before birth, but it probably has nothing to do with visual input except via its association with olfactory/pheromonal input, neurogenesis, learning and memory. The same might be said for disorders of brain development that are attributed to development of sensory systems linked to olfaction and thereby directly to brain development. But researchers are just now starting to look at connections between olfaction, mirror neurons, and autism. And most people continue to think that their sense of smell is less important to the development of their behavior than it is to the development of behavior in other animals.
