No experimental evidence suggests that mutations are fixed in the organized genome of any species from microbes to man. All evidence suggests that antibiotic resistance, like other benefits manifested at the cellular and organismal levels, involves the nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction. Thus, attributing rifampicin resistance to mutations would be as likely a missattribution as any other antibiotic resistance attributed to mutation-driven evolution.
If the observed potential for the evolution of ecological specialization of the niche occupied by rifampicin resistant E. coli is nutrient-dependent and pheromone-controlled, ecological and social niche construction can be placed into the proper context and its antibiotic resistance understood. In the proper context, the epigenetic effects of nutrients and their metabolism to species-specific pheromones controls reproduction in species from microbes to man, which means that antibiotic resistance is both nutrient-dependent and pheromone-controlled in microbes. That understanding of cause and effect in the context of epistasis might benefit our understanding of antibiotic resistance in other organisms. See for example: The cost of antibiotic resistance depends on evolutionary history in Escherichia coli
James Vaughn Kohl was the first to accurately conceptualize human pheromones, and began presenting his findings to the scientific community in 1992. He continues to present to, and publish for, diverse scientific and lay audiences, while constantly monitoring the scientific presses for new information that is relevant to the development of his initial and ongoing conceptualization of human pheromones.
Recently, Kohl integrated scientific evidence that pinpoints the evolved neurophysiological mechanism that links olfactory/pheromonal input to genes in hormone-secreting cells of tissue in a specific area of the brain that is primarily involved in the sensory integration of olfactory and visual input, and in the development of human sexual preferences. His award-winning 2007 article/book chapter on multisensory integration: The Mind’s Eyes: Human pheromones, neuroscience, and male sexual preferences followed an award winning 2001 publication: Human pheromones: integrating neuroendocrinology and ethology, which was coauthored by disinguished researchers from Vienna. Rarely do researchers win awards in multiple disciplines, but Kohl’s 2001 award was for neuroscience, and his 2007 “Reiss Theory” award was for social science.
Kohl has worked as a medical laboratory scientist since 1974, and he has devoted more than twenty-five years to researching the relationship between the sense of smell and the development of human sexual preferences. Unlike many researchers who work with non-human subjects, medical laboratory scientists use the latest technology from many scientific disciplines to perform a variety of specialized diagnostic medical testing on people.
James V. Kohl is certified with:
* American Society for Clinical Pathology
* American Medical Technologists
James V. Kohl is a member of:
* Society for Neuroscience
* Society for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology
* Association for Chemoreception Sciences
* Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality
* International Society for Human Ethology
* American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science
* Mensa, the international high IQ society
